přehled žab
Šípové žáby - smrtelně nebezpečná kráska
Tělo mnoha obojživelníků obsahuje jed, ale jen málo z nich je tak nebezpečných jako stromové žáby ze Střední a Jižní Ameriky. Tamější Indiáni používají jed k napouštění svých šípů.
Většina stromových žab má výraznou barvu - nejčastěji červenou, žlutou nebo modrou. Jasné barvy jsou varováním pro ty, co by si na žábě chtěli pochutnat. Asi nejjedovatější ze všech je druh Phyllobates aurotaenia žijící v Kolumbii. Pouhé 0.0003g jejího jedu stačí zabít člověka.
Některé druhy se vyznačují pro obojživelníky neobvyklým chováním - dvojice si totiž před pářením spolu hraje. Dvě až tři hodiny skáčou jedna za druhou, než samička naklade vajíčka a sameček je oplodní. Samec pak nosí vajíčka a později i mláďata na zádech, doku nevyrostou.
Všechny druhy jedovaté nejsou. Z asi 170 druhů této čeledi patří plná stovka nenápadných, hnědě zbarvených žabek do rodu Colosthetus. Tyto asi čtyři centimetry velké žabky obývají mimo jiné břehy malých bystřin a potůčků. Tráví mnoho času ve vodě a mají proto na rozdíl od ostatních pralesniček dobře vyvinuté plovací blány. Nevylučují žádný kožní toxin a nejsou tedy vůbec jedovaté. Spoléhají na své nenápadné zbarvení, které jim pomáhá uniknout pozornosti nepřátel. Ani v případě objevení však nejsou úplně bezbranné. Velmi rychle totiž skáčou a hbitě vyhledávají sebemenší úkryty v zemi, pod kameny nebo pod kořeny stromů.
Žába druhu Phyllobates terribilis, ne větší než tři centimetry, má dostatek jedu k zabití 20000 myší nebo osmi lidí. V ohrožení života totiž tyto žabky ve snaze o záchranu vylučují více svého jedu než obvykle.
V kožním sekretu pralesniček bylo nalezeno více než sto různých chemických látek, které patří do skupiny takzvaných lipofilních alkaloidů. Jsou to poměrně složité organické látky, jejichž základem je většinou šestičetná cyklická molekula obsahující pět atomů uhlíku a jeden atom dusíku. Tyto látky můžeme rozdělit do několika skupin. Ne každá pralesnička však umí vyrábět všechny typy těchto toxinů.
Přítomnost či nepřítomnost jednotlivých složek jedu slouží dnes jako klíč k rozdělení pralesniček do čtyř zoologických rodů. Takzvané histricotoxiny chybí u rodu Minyobates, zatímco vysoce účinné batrachotoxiny má jen rod Phyllobates. Rod Epipedobates postrádá histricotoxiny a kromě toho ještě skupinu toxinů zvaných 3,5-disubstituované indolyziny. Obě posledně jmenované skupiny jsou přítomné u rodu Dendrobates.
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